What Are Mental Health
Comorbidities?
Intro
Hi everyone, it’s Monica, the creator and writer of this blog, hearwegogo. Mental health is a topic that holds a special spot in my heart. As someone who has personally battled treatment resistant depression, I have been through some fairly testing times. As a result, I have dedicated a lot of years into finding ways to restore balance and the ability to manage my mental health effectively from day to day. Over the years, I am proud to report that I have developed some successful strategies that have helped myself and many other individuals in their own struggles.
I am thrilled to announce that I have finally taken the time to compile these techniques into a comprehensive course, and I would be honoured to share it with you. Together, we can work towards creating a life that feels more manageable and fulfilling. Please reach out if you would like to be a part of the final stages of development towards this empowering course I am on my way to completing. To book a zoom call with one of our personnel, please leave your contact information at www.keeponkeepingon.online. A DM to one of our facebook pages can also be made to either: hearwegogo.com, or @monica.wills.12345. Alternatively, feel free to email us at hearwegogo@gmail.com or monicawills54321@gmail.com. All are welcome!
A Comprehensive Guide
Mental health is a complex aspect of our lives that can impact our well-being. Comorbidities, or the presence of multiple mental health conditions, complicate diagnoses, treatment plans, and outcomes. In this blog post, we will explore comorbidity in mental health. We’ll discuss types, factors, clinical implications, treatment plans, prevention strategies, and future research. Understanding comorbidities improves diagnosis and treatment for individuals with complex mental health needs.
Understanding Comorbidity in Mental Health
Comorbidity in mental health refers to the co-occurrence of multiple psychiatric conditions within a single individual. It is not uncommon for individuals with mental health disorders to experience comorbidities. The presence of comorbidities can complicate the diagnosis and treatment process, as the interaction between different disorders can worsen symptoms and outcomes.
To better understand the impact of comorbidity, it is crucial to recognize that it is a common occurrence among individuals with mental health disorders. For effective treatment planning, healthcare professionals need a comprehensive understanding of comorbidity and its implications. By examining the relationships between different disorders and identifying patterns, healthcare professionals can develop targeted treatment plans that address the unique needs of individuals with comorbid conditions.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a widely used tool by mental health professionals, provides guidelines for diagnosing specific disorders. Conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder are just a few examples of the psychiatric disorders that may contribute to comorbidities. In the United States, where mental health conditions affect millions of people, understanding comorbidity is essential for ensuring that individuals receive appropriate care and support.
In conclusion, comorbidity in mental health is a complex phenomenon that requires careful consideration. The presence of multiple psychiatric conditions within a single individual can complicate both diagnosis and treatment, and the interaction between different disorders can intensify symptoms and outcomes. With a thorough understanding of comorbidity, healthcare professionals can develop effective treatment plans that address the specific needs of individuals with comorbid conditions.
Definition and Concept of Comorbidity
Comorbidity in mental health refers to the co-occurrence of two or more psychiatric disorders. It involves the presence of additional conditions alongside a primary mental health disorder. This concept highlights the complexity and interconnectedness of mental health disorders. In the United States, comorbidity is common among individuals with mental health disorders. The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) provides criteria for diagnosing different mental health disorders, including OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and bipolar disorder.
Understanding comorbidity is crucial for effective treatment planning. It impacts the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions. Recognizing comorbidity allows clinicians to provide comprehensive care and consider interactions between disorders. Comorbid conditions can complicate symptoms and worsen outcomes. Tailoring treatment plans becomes essential to address the diverse needs of those with comorbid disorders.
Prevalence of Comorbidity in Mental Health Disorders
Comorbidity, the co-occurrence of multiple psychiatric disorders in an individual, is highly prevalent in mental health disorders. Numerous studies have shown that the majority of individuals with one mental disorder also have at least one other disorder. However, the prevalence rates of comorbidity vary across different psychiatric conditions.
Certain disorders, such as anxiety and substance use disorders, commonly co-occur. This highlights the interconnectedness of mental health disorders and the need to consider the presence of additional conditions alongside a primary mental health disorder.
To gain insights into the prevalence of comorbidity, researchers have conducted extensive studies. These studies have focused on examining the co-occurrence of various mental disorders and assessing the rates of comorbidity among different populations. The DSM, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, provides a standardized framework for diagnosing mental health conditions and understanding their comorbidity patterns.
In the United States and other countries, the prevalence of comorbidity has significant implications for public health and healthcare systems. It underscores the need for integrated care and comprehensive treatment approaches that address all co-occurring mental health disorders. By recognizing the high prevalence of comorbidity, healthcare providers can enhance their diagnostic accuracy and provide personalized, effective treatment plans.
Different Types of Psychiatric Comorbidities
Psychiatric comorbidities can take various forms. Anxiety disorders are commonly associated with comorbidities, where individuals may experience symptoms of anxiety alongside other psychiatric disorders. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is another condition that frequently presents with comorbidities, requiring comprehensive evaluation and treatment. Depression, a common mental health disorder, is often accompanied by other psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety or substance use disorders.
Psychosis, characterized by a loss of touch with reality, can also be accompanied by comorbid conditions. Substance use disorders, in particular, have been found to co-occur frequently with psychosis. This highlights the complex interplay between mental health conditions and the need for a comprehensive approach when diagnosing and treating comorbidities. Again, understanding the different types of psychiatric comorbidities is crucial for clinicians to provide effective care and tailored treatment plans for individuals facing multiple mental health challenges.
Anxiety Disorders and Comorbidity
Anxiety disorders frequently coexist with other mental health conditions, such as depression and substance use disorders. This comorbidity is common among individuals with anxiety disorders in the United States. It’s important to note that anxiety disorders can have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of these comorbid conditions. The presence of anxiety disorders often leads to increased psychological distress, making it crucial to understand the relationship between anxiety disorders and comorbidity in order to provide effective interventions.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbidity
Comorbidities such as anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders can significantly impact the daily lives of individuals with ADHD. They can exacerbate ADHD symptoms, increase psychological distress, and impair overall functioning. Therefore, it is essential to address these comorbidities in order to enhance treatment outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with ADHD.
Depression and Comorbidity
Depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. The presence of comorbidities can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of depression, making it crucial to address them alongside depression for optimal outcomes. Understanding the relationship between depression and comorbidity can guide effective interventions.
Psychosis and Comorbidity
Psychosis, a condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality, is often associated with comorbid conditions. These comorbidities, such as substance use disorders and mood disorders, commonly co-occur with psychosis. They can influence the onset, severity, and course of psychosis. Comorbidities such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder are among the mental health conditions that can co-occur with psychosis.
In the United States, the prevalence of comorbidities in individuals with psychosis is significant. It is estimated that approximately 50% of individuals with psychosis also experience comorbid conditions. These comorbidities can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of psychosis, as the presence of additional psychiatric disorders may influence the presentation of symptoms and response to treatment.
Overall, recognizing and addressing comorbidities in individuals with psychosis is essential for providing comprehensive and effective care. By considering the impact of comorbidities on the course of psychosis, clinicians can develop holistic treatment plans that improve outcomes and quality of life for individuals experiencing psychosis.
The Onset and Progression of Mental Health Comorbidities
Mental health comorbidities can manifest at different stages of life, with some emerging during adolescence and others developing in adulthood. The ages of onset can vary depending on the specific comorbidity. In terms of progression, the severity and impact on functioning can differ from one individual to another. Factors such as genetic predisposition and environmental influences play a role in the onset and progression of comorbidities. Understanding these factors is crucial for informing prevention and intervention strategies.
Factors Influencing Onset of Comorbidity
Various factors can contribute to the onset of mental health comorbidities. Genetic factors play a significant role in predisposing individuals to comorbid conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or bipolar disorder. Environmental factors also play a crucial role, with traumatic experiences or chronic stress contributing to the development of comorbidity. It is important to note that the age of onset differs for different comorbidities, with some emerging in childhood and others in adulthood.
Early identification and intervention are essential in mitigating the onset and progression of comorbidities. By identifying these factors early on, healthcare professionals can intervene at an appropriate time. This can help manage symptoms, prevent further complications, and improve overall quality of life for individuals with comorbidities. By considering these factors, clinicians can develop tailored treatment plans that address the specific needs and challenges associated with comorbid conditions.
In the United States, comorbidity in mental health disorders is prevalent. Understanding the factors that influence comorbidity can inform prevention and intervention strategies. By addressing both genetic and environmental factors, healthcare professionals can work towards reducing the impact and burden of comorbidities.
Progression and Impact of Comorbidities over Time
Comorbid mental health conditions can often worsen symptoms and complicate treatment, posing significant challenges for individuals. The presence of multiple psychiatric disorders increases the risk of relapse and chronicity, making it harder for individuals to maintain stability in their mental health. Over time, long-term comorbidity can lead to increased psychological distress and reduced quality of life.
One important aspect to consider is that comorbidities may have a cumulative effect on symptom severity and functional impairment. As multiple conditions coexist, there is often an amplification of symptoms and a greater impact on daily functioning. This can make it difficult for individuals to navigate their daily lives and fulfill their responsibilities.
Understanding the progression of comorbidities is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies. By identifying how different conditions interact and evolve over time, healthcare providers can tailor interventions to address the specific needs and challenges faced by individuals with comorbidities. This may involve integrating therapies and interventions targeting each condition and considering the potential interactions between them.
Overall, recognizing the progression and impact of comorbidities over time is essential for providing comprehensive and holistic care. By acknowledging the complex nature of mental health comorbidities and their evolving nature, healthcare professionals can better support individuals in managing their conditions and improving their overall well-being.
Demographic Correlates of Comorbidity in Mental Health
Comorbidity, the presence of multiple mental health disorders in an individual, is a common occurrence. Various demographic factors have been found to influence the likelihood of comorbid mental health disorders. Age, for instance, plays a significant role in comorbidity. Different mental health disorders may be more prevalent in certain age groups. For example, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often diagnosed in childhood, while bipolar disorder tends to emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. Gender is another demographic factor that can impact comorbidity. Research has shown that certain disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are more prevalent in females, while others, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are more common in males.
Ethnicity has also been identified as a demographic correlate of comorbidity in mental health. Studies conducted in the United States have found differences in comorbidity rates among different ethnic groups. For instance, individuals from certain ethnic backgrounds may be more prone to experiencing comorbid anxiety disorders and depression. These demographic correlates of comorbidity have important implications for healthcare professionals. Understanding the demographics of comorbidity can aid in accurate diagnosis and the development of tailored treatment plans. By recognizing the patterns of comorbidity associated with specific demographic factors, healthcare professionals can provide more effective care to patients.
Despite progress in understanding the link between mental health comorbidities and demographic factors, further research is still needed. The complex interplay between these variables requires continued exploration to develop a comprehensive understanding. By advancing our knowledge in this area, we can enhance the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of individuals with comorbid mental health disorders.
Age and Comorbidity
Age plays a significant role in the development of mental health comorbidities, with older adults being more susceptible to experiencing multiple disorders. The natural aging process, coupled with the accumulation of stressors over time, increases the likelihood of comorbidities in this population. Additionally, certain physical health conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease can further raise the risk for mental health comorbidities.
Comorbidity, the presence of two or more disorders in an individual, requires tailored treatment that addresses both conditions simultaneously. This approach is necessary because comorbid mental health conditions often worsen symptoms and complicate treatment. It is important to note that the impact of comorbidities can have long-term consequences on individuals, leading to increased psychological distress and reduced quality of life.
Understanding the interplay between age and comorbidity is crucial in developing effective treatment strategies. The prevalence of comorbid mental health disorders varies across age groups, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support. As research continues to shed light on this complex relationship, healthcare professionals can refine their diagnostic approaches and treatment plans to better address comorbidities in different age demographics.
In conclusion, age is an important factor in the occurrence of mental health comorbidities. Older adults are more vulnerable due to the aging process and the accumulation of stressors, along with certain physical health conditions. By tailoring treatment to address both conditions and understanding the impact of comorbidities, healthcare professionals can provide better support and improve the overall well-being of individuals with mental health conditions.
Gender and Comorbidity
Gender plays a significant role in the prevalence and manifestation of mental health comorbidities. Men and women have different rates of comorbidity, with variations seen in the types of conditions that commonly co-occur. For example, women are more likely to experience comorbidities involving anxiety and depression, while men are more likely to experience comorbidities related to substance abuse and antisocial behavior.
These gender differences in comorbidity can be attributed to a combination of biological and cultural factors. From a biological perspective, hormonal differences between men and women may influence the development and expression of certain mental health conditions. Additionally, societal and cultural expectations, such as gender roles and norms, may contribute to differences in the way men and women experience and express distress.
Considering gender in the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid mental health conditions is crucial for improving outcomes. Healthcare professionals can develop more effective treatment plans by recognizing and addressing the unique challenges faced by individuals of different genders. This involves tailoring interventions to address specific comorbidities commonly experienced by men or women, as well as considering the impact of gender-related social factors on treatment adherence and response.
In conclusion, gender plays a significant role in the occurrence and presentation of mental health comorbidities. Women and men have different rates of comorbidity, with variations in the types of conditions that commonly co-occur. Understanding these gender differences and their underlying causes is essential for providing appropriate care to individuals with comorbid mental health conditions.
Socioeconomic Status and Comorbidity
Socioeconomic status plays a crucial role in the likelihood of experiencing comorbid mental health conditions. Individuals with lower socioeconomic status are more prone to facing numerous stressors, which can significantly increase the risk of developing comorbidities. This correlation creates a challenging cycle of disadvantage, as comorbid mental health conditions can further impact socioeconomic status.
To reduce the burden of comorbidities, we must address socioeconomic disparities and provide access to mental health resources. Designing treatment plans should consider socioeconomic status and tailor interventions accordingly. By acknowledging the influence of social determinants of health, such as income, education, and employment, we can provide more effective care. This will promote mental health equity and ensure individuals from all backgrounds have equal access to comprehensive mental healthcare.
Symptom Burden and Comorbidity
The presence of two or more mental health disorders in an individual is referred to as comorbidity. Comorbidities can lead to a higher burden of symptoms and increase the risk for negative outcomes. It is not uncommon for individuals with mental health conditions to experience comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, substance use disorders, and eating disorders.
As discussed, it becomes essential to address all comorbidities in the treatment plan to achieve the best outcomes. Effective treatment should take into consideration the unique needs and challenges presented by each condition.
Treatment Response in Cases of Comorbidity
Individuals with comorbid mental health conditions often experience a poor treatment response, which can result in worsened symptoms and decreased quality of life. In order to effectively address comorbid conditions, a comprehensive approach is needed that takes into account all underlying mental health disorders. Integrated treatment approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, have shown promise in simultaneously addressing multiple mental health conditions. By targeting the interconnectedness of these conditions, individuals can experience improved treatment outcomes.
Working closely with mental health professionals and adhering to treatment recommendations is crucial for individuals with comorbid conditions. This collaboration helps ensure that the treatment plan is tailored to the specific needs of the individual and addresses the complexity of their comorbidity. Additionally, staying engaged in the treatment process and actively participating in therapy sessions can contribute to optimal outcomes.
It is important to note that successful treatment of comorbid conditions goes beyond symptom management. Achieving optimal outcomes also involves enhancing overall well-being and improving quality of life. By taking a holistic approach that considers all aspects of an individual’s mental health, including the presence of comorbidities, it becomes possible to promote long-term recovery and a better quality of life.
How Does Comorbidity Impact Treatment Plans?
Comorbidity can complicate treatment plans for mental health conditions, requiring consideration of all co-occurring disorders. Treatment may need adjustments based on comorbidity severity, and a collaborative approach between professionals is necessary for effective management.
Tailoring Treatment for Individuals with Comorbid Disorders
Treatment plans for individuals with comorbid disorders must consider the impact of mental health comorbidities on diagnosis and treatment. It is important for clinicians to address the specific challenges that arise when treating multiple psychiatric disorders simultaneously. Integrating evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can be effective in managing comorbidities.
Personalized treatment approaches are crucial to address the unique needs of individuals with comorbid conditions. Each person’s combination of mental health disorders requires a tailored approach that takes into account their specific symptoms, severity, and responsiveness to different treatments. This may involve a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
Recognizing the connection between mental health and substance use is essential for providing effective and tailored treatment for individuals with comorbidities. Often, there is a complex interplay between mental health disorders and substance abuse, and addressing both aspects is crucial for successful outcomes.
By considering the impact of comorbidities, addressing specific challenges, integrating evidence-based therapies, and recognizing the connection between mental health and substance use, treatment can be tailored to meet the needs of individuals with comorbid disorders. A collaborative approach between mental health professionals may be necessary to ensure comprehensive and effective care. Through individualized treatment plans, individuals with comorbid disorders can achieve improved overall well-being and quality of life.
Challenges in Treating Comorbid Disorders
Treating comorbid disorders presents unique challenges for clinicians. The presence of comorbidity, or the co-occurrence of multiple psychiatric conditions, can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. This complexity requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to treatment. Clinicians must consider not only the individual symptoms of each disorder but also how they interact and impact one another.
Comorbidities can exacerbate symptoms and hinder recovery, posing significant challenges for clinicians. For example, individuals with comorbid anxiety and depression may experience more severe depressive episodes due to heightened anxiety levels. Similarly, comorbid substance use disorders can interfere with the effectiveness of treatment for mental health conditions. These challenges emphasize the need for tailored treatment plans that address the specific needs and interactions of co-occurring disorders.
The higher prevalence rates of comorbidity highlight the necessity for a shift in treatment strategies. According to the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), many mental health conditions frequently co-occur, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder. In the United States, approximately 80% of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also have at least one comorbid condition. Such high rates of comorbidity mandate a comprehensive and integrated approach to treatment that considers all co-occurring disorders.
Early detection and intervention play a crucial role in managing comorbid conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of comorbidity allows for timely intervention and prevents the worsening of both mental health conditions. By addressing comorbidity early on, clinicians can tailor treatment plans to effectively manage symptoms and improve overall outcomes.
Can Comorbidity Be Prevented?
Prevention strategies are crucial in reducing the prevalence of mental health comorbidities. By understanding risk factors and implementing early identification and intervention, we can prevent the onset of comorbidity. Promoting mental health and targeted interventions to reduce substance use are effective preventive measures.
Prevention Strategies for Mental Health Comorbidity
Implementing comprehensive mental health promotion programs is an effective way to prevent the development of comorbidities. These programs focus on promoting positive mental health and well-being, equipping individuals with coping skills, and raising awareness about the link between mental health and comorbidities. By addressing risk factors and promoting protective factors, these programs aim to reduce the likelihood of developing multiple mental health disorders.
Integrating mental health screenings into routine healthcare can also facilitate early detection and intervention, which is crucial for preventing the worsening of comorbid conditions. Screening tools, such as the DSM criteria, help healthcare professionals identify individuals who may be at risk for comorbidity and provide appropriate interventions. By identifying and treating mental health disorders in their early stages, healthcare providers can reduce the impact of comorbidities on individuals’ lives.
In addition to comprehensive mental health programs and screenings, educating the general population about the link between mental health and comorbidities plays a significant role in prevention efforts. By raising awareness about the potential consequences of untreated mental health disorders and emphasizing the importance of seeking help, communities can become more supportive and understanding. Addressing societal factors like stigma and discrimination also contributes to prevention, as it creates an environment that encourages individuals to seek help without fear of judgment or rejection.
Finally, promoting adaptive coping strategies and resilience is crucial for reducing the likelihood of comorbidity. Teaching individuals healthy ways to manage stress, build strong social support systems, and develop coping skills can help prevent the escalation of mental health disorders. By fostering resilience, individuals are better equipped to navigate life’s challenges and maintain their mental well-being.
In conclusion, prevention strategies for mental health comorbidity involve implementing comprehensive mental health promotion programs, integrating mental health screenings into routine healthcare, educating the general population, addressing societal factors, and promoting adaptive coping strategies and resilience. By focusing on prevention, we can take proactive steps to reduce the prevalence and impact of comorbidities, ultimately improving the overall mental health and well-being of individuals.
Emerging Trends in Comorbidity Research
Research on the relationship between physical health conditions and mental health comorbidities is expanding, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between these factors. This emerging area of interest explores how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of comorbidities. By studying these connections, researchers aim to identify potential risk factors and develop effective prevention strategies.
Another emerging trend in comorbidity research is the investigation of novel therapeutic approaches, such as neurofeedback. This technique involves training individuals to regulate their brain activity, potentially offering a new avenue for managing comorbid conditions. Additionally, advanced imaging techniques are being used to delve into the neural mechanisms underlying comorbidity, shedding light on the complex interactions between different psychiatric disorders.
In line with advancements in precision medicine, there is an increasing focus on personalized treatment plans and precision psychiatry. This approach recognizes the unique needs of individuals with comorbidities, tailoring interventions to target both physical and mental health aspects. By adopting a more holistic approach, researchers hope to improve outcomes for individuals with comorbid conditions.
As the field of comorbidity research continues to evolve, it is crucial to address the gaps in our current understanding. Further studies are needed to unravel the complex interactions between different psychiatric conditions and to identify the underlying mechanisms and pathways linking comorbid disorders. Moreover, exploring the impact of cultural and social factors on comorbidity can provide valuable insights for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Frequently Asked Questions
How common are mental health comorbidities?
Mental health comorbidities are prevalent, with estimates ranging from 30-50%. They often coexist with conditions like depression, anxiety, substance abuse disorders, and personality disorders. Comorbidities can complicate diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to address all conditions.
What can be done to address the link between mental health comorbidities?
To address the link between mental health comorbidities, more research is needed to fully understand this connection. Integrated treatment approaches that consider both mental and physical health conditions may be effective. Mental health professionals should screen patients for comorbidities and provide appropriate referrals. Additionally, addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty and access to healthcare, may help reduce the prevalence of comorbidities.
How do mental health comorbidities affect treatment options?
Mental health comorbidities can complicate treatment options. Modifying treatment plans to address multiple conditions may be necessary. A holistic approach that considers both mental and physical health is crucial. Seek help from mental health professionals experienced in treating comorbidities.
Conclusion
To truly understand and address mental health, we must recognize the complex relationship between different mental health disorders. Comorbidity, the coexistence of two or more disorders, is quite common in the field of mental health. Anxiety disorders, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, depression, and psychosis are just a few examples of conditions that often occur alongside each other. The onset and progression of comorbidities can be influenced by various factors, including age, gender, and socioeconomic status. It is crucial to consider comorbidities when developing treatment plans, as they can impact symptom burden, treatment response, and quality of life. While prevention strategies are still being explored, early detection and intervention play a significant role in managing these complex conditions. As we continue to advance our understanding of mental health comorbidities, it is essential to address the gaps in research and explore emerging trends in this field.
Helpful Articles On Mental Health Comorbidities:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6623-6
https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/January-2018/The-Comorbidity-of-Anxiety-and-Depression
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-comorbidity-3024480
